Friday 1 November 2013

Grammar: Hypallage, or Transferred Epithet


One of those Ancient Greek figures of speech. When an adjective gets stuck to a word in the sentence other than the one it should be modifying, it's called "hypallage", or a transferred epithet. Not quite the same as a dangling modifier.

restless night:
The wakeful person, not the night, was restless.
happy morning: We are happy, not the morning.


“The ploughman homeward plods his weary way." (Thomas Gray) The way is not weary, but the ploughman.

a deceptive 29
A happy coincidence in Bar Harbor opened much wider doors  (My Three Fathers by William S. Patten): It opened doors to a wider society, and we were happier.

a tepid menu of ideas (New York Times January 24, 2007) The ideas, not the menu etc etc.
accessible journeys: journeys via stations with lifts and escalators

Another piece of that crucial jigsaw (Simon Thurley, Timewatch on Stonehenge): He means “another crucial piece of the jigsaw”.

anxious time


clutching at wild straws: wildly clutching at straws
deceptively spacious
fond memories:
I feel fondly towards the things I am remembering.

Greasy salt shakers
across the UK are stuffed with industrially produced sodium chloride (lovefood.com, Nov 2011): Salt shakers in greasy spoon cafes are stuffed etc.

He narrowly survived an accident: He had a narrow escape and survived an accident.
his proudest achievement
I ain’t beginning to like you any more. (Raymond Chandler)

In Gone with the Wind only the “wincing portrayals of slaves” have dated (Guardian): We wince at the portrayals.

It makes the area less transient: It’s the population that’s transient, not the area.

misguided cream socks

neatly clipped suburb:
suburb with neatly clipped hedges

nervous situation


Oh, happy day!


Olympocrats will not be spraying spume into the trudging faces of Londoners (Boris Johnson, December 18 2011): into the faces of trudging Londoners

Rupert Everett is taking a break from the silver screen to play the unlikely lead in Shaw's Pygmalion: The casting is unlikely.

surrounded by a sea of surgically planted olive trees (hotelclub.com): the trees were planted with surgical precision

suspicious man: man behaving suspiciously
Tell me the honest truth: Be honest – tell me the truth!
The British team won a dramatic silver medal (BBC Breakfast): It was a dramatic win.

The ceremony has been minutely choreographed: It has been choreographed down to the minutest detail.

the dominant rise of the ANC elite: the ANC elite’s rise to dominance (the elite, not its rise, is dominant)

the reforms are bearing spectacular fruit: are bearing fruit spectacularly
treads a skilful path between: skilfully treads a path between

Have a nice cup of tea: Have a cup of nice tea.

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